history of computing in india...

[MuPaGuNa]

The initial period 1955 to 1970 was a period of exploration with no specific government policies guiding this technology. However, there were a number of initiatives taken in education such as the establishment of the Indian Institutes of Technology and also starting the design and production of computers. The Bhabha Committee appointed by the Government of India in 1963 realized the importance of electronics and computers in national development and suggested establishment of the Department of Electronics (DoE) in the Government of India (GoI) to promote rapid growth of electronics and computers.    This department was established in 1970 and was the first breakpoint. From 1971 to 1978 the DoE laid stress on self‐reliant indigenous development of computers and a company called the Electronics Corporation of India Ltd. (ECIL) was financed to design, develop and market computers using primarily components made in India.  ECIL made computers called TDC 312 and TDC 316 which were similar to the PDP series computers made by the Digital Equipment Corporation of the USA. The DoE also initiated many Research and Development (R&D) projects with assistance from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).   The second break point came in 1978 after the government led by the Congress party was defeated in 1977. IBM which was at that time refurbishing obsolete 1401 computers in India was asked by the government to reduce equity, to take an Indian partner and to manufacture IBM 360 series computers.  IBM refused and closed its operations in India in 1978.   The new government decided to open up computer manufacturing to the private sector and a number of companies started making minicomputers using imported microprocessors. UNIX was the Operating System of choice.   In 1984 and 1986 the government removed numerous controls on the industry and on imports when Rajiv Gandhi became the Prime Minister.  The new policy allowed the import of fully assembled motherboards with processors and reduced import duties. This led to a sharp reduction of price and a speedier spread of computer use. In 1986 software companies were allowed to import computers at reduced import duty rates to enable them to export software.    Software development was recognized as an industry deserving many tax concessions.  The year 1986 also saw the change in the mind‐set of the general population and the politicians about the relevance of computers due to the success of the computerized ticket reservation system of the Indian Railways.  The new reservation system reduced the waiting time in queues of customers wanting to reserve seats on trains.  It also reduced some malpractices and led to an increase in the number of reservation clerks as a large number of counters were opened, each one requiring a clerk. The third break point came in 1991 when India was about to default on the payment of foreign debt.    The country was bailed out by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) which forced India to open its economy and reduce controls on the local manufacturing companies. Software and software services companies formed the National Association of Software and Services Companies (NASSCOM) which successfully lobbied with the bureaucrats and the politicians and obtained many tax and other concessions. One of the major initiatives taken by the DoE at this time was the establishment of Software Technology Parks (STPs) with satellite communication links which enabled Indian software companies to develop software applications on their international clients’ computers from India.    Indian software companies also took advantage of the Y2K and the Euro conversion opportunities to modify and improve a large number of    legacy software systems. They also became quality conscious and obtained the quality certificates issued by the International Standards Organization (ISO) and the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) certificate issued by the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) of the Carnegie Mellon University, USA. The emphasis of the government policies shifted to promote software services companies as their exports grew.   The fourth break point came in 1998 when the new government under Atal Bihari Vajpayee declared “IT as India’s tomorrow”, and took a number of proactive measures to promote software companies. An IT task force was appointed to recommend changes in the policies of the government.  Measures were taken to give a tax holiday on the export earnings of the Indian software services companies for ten years and import duty was exempted on computers and software packages imported for exporting software.    Multinational companies were welcomed to set up software development and Research and Development (R&D) centres. Software and services exports grew rapidly from USD 2 Billion in 1998 to USD 50 Billion in 2010.    Information Technology was contributing 6.4% of GDP in 2010 and was providing employment to 2.4 million software professionals. It is concluded that the initiatives taken by the government in the late 70s to promote education in IT, setting up of R and D centres and funding a large number of research projects with the assistance of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) provided the human resources which enabled the IT industry to grow.  The initiatives taken by software companies to put in place systematic processes for software development, achieving quality certification and gaining expertise in project management enabled them to face international competition and obtain application software development and services contracts from the West. Even though the initiative taken by the Government of India in the 70s to establish a self‐reliant hardware industry in the public sector was not successful, it provided the confidence and the human resources which catalyzed the growth of the private hardware and software industry in the 80s and the 90

[MuPaGuNa]

http://www.cbi.umn.edu/hostedpublications/pdf/Rajaraman_HistComputingIndia.pdf

[MuPaGuNa]

Based on this thinking the Government of India started a computer division in the Electronics Corporation of India Ltd. (ECIL), a public sector company, with funding provided by the Department of Electronics. ECIL had already been started at Hyderabad in 1967 by the Government of India and was under the administrative control of the Department of Atomic Energy.    It was originally established to commercialize electronic systems developed at the Atomic Research Centre at Mumbai

[snoww]

2 minutes ago, MuPaGuNa said:

Based on this thinking the Government of India started a computer division in the Electronics Corporation of India Ltd. (ECIL), a public sector company, with funding provided by the Department of Electronics. ECIL had already been started at Hyderabad in 1967 by the Government of India and was under the administrative control of the Department of Atomic Energy.    It was originally established to commercialize electronic systems developed at the Atomic Research Centre at Mumbai

ECIL start cheyyamani central government ki appatilo babu gaare brief chesaru. 

[Aakupaccha_caradu]

[Paidithalli]

CBN 

[MuPaGuNa]

7 hours ago, snoww said:

ECIL start cheyyamani central government ki appatilo babu gaare brief chesaru. 

yes...vinevaadunte dashaavathaaralu naave antaadu..............ee pulkas ki oka ppt padesthadu..nijame anukuntaaru...daaniki aa broooookeeeer rk gaadu bhajana 

[ranku_mogudu]

computing is different from IT   Papam enduku brathukuthunnamo telidhu enduku edusthunnamo teliyatledhu mana baanesa brathukulaku 

[futureofandhra]

7 minutes ago, ranku_mogudu said:

computing is different from IT   Papam enduku brathukuthunnamo telidhu enduku edusthunnamo teliyatledhu mana baanesa brathukulaku 

Lol

[MuPaGuNa]

57 minutes ago, ranku_mogudu said:

computing is different from IT   Papam enduku brathukuthunnamo telidhu enduku edusthunnamo teliyatledhu mana baanesa brathukulaku 

andulo complete ga ichadu asalu eppudu em start chesaru ani.....IT enduku ,software industry future enti ani..total ga 4 stages ga explain chesadu...

maaku mee antha knowlwdge leka edo ala thiruguthunnam dora...

 

[MuPaGuNa]

computing is any activity that uses computers. It includes developing hardware and software, and using computers to manage and process information, communicate and entertain. Computing is a critically important, integral component of modern industrial technology. Major computing disciplines include computer engineering, software engineering, computer science, information systems, and information technology.